江汉平原中北部一次区域性暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象资料和NCEP再分析客观物理量场、卫星云图、多普勒雷达回波产品资料,对2007年7月13日发生在江汉平原中北部的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,（1）高空低槽东移是影响此次强降水过程的主要大尺度环流背景;（2）低层低涡暖切变和低空急流是暴雨的直接影响系统;（3）有利的热力水汽条件和动力条件是强降水产生和维持的机制;（4）卫星云图上“人”字型、“V”字型云系和多普勒速度资料上的“逆风区”、风切变可作为判断强降水落区落点的依据。     

近40年湖南冰雹时空分布和变化特征及机理分析

利用湖南省1967～2006年近四十年冰雹日数资料,分析了湖南冰雹时空分布特征,着重讨论了湖南冰雹日数年代、年、季、月、旬、日际变化、地域分布特征及湖南前后二十年冰雹的变化趋势。研究表明：湖南冰雹是典型的春雹区,春季冰雹日数占全年冰雹日数的74．9％;存在2年和4．8年的周期;日变化十分明显,多出现在午后到傍晚;地理分布呈西多东少,高山多于平原,洞庭湖北侧多于南侧的特点;近二十年冰雹呈减少趋势,多雹区更集中,主要出现在湘西北和湘东南。     

沼泽湿地植物光合特性及固“碳”潜势对外源氮输入的响应

以沼泽湿地典型草甸植被小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)为研究对象,在三江平原进行了野外培养实验,探讨了4个不同氮素输入水平(0(NO)、6(N6),12(N12)、24(N24)g·m-2· a-1)下沼泽湿地植物生长与光合特性的响应特征,并从光合固"碳"的角度分析了小叶章沼泽湿地的固"碳"潜势.结果表明,外源氮输入明显促进了小叶章的株高、叶面积及植株数,显著增加了碳的生物量积累,到植物生长季结束,N6、N12和N24三个施氮水平下,小叶章地上部分生物量分别比对照增加了58.79%、133.11%和190.55%.同时,小叶章叶片全氮含量、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量也显著增加,净光合速率明显提高,分别比对照增加了20.70%、26.69%和53.54%.从光合固"碳"的角度来看,外源氮输入能够促使沼泽湿地植物通过光合作用固定更多CO2.     

重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

不同氮源和曝气方式对淡水藻类生长的影响

利用水族箱微宇宙研究了2种氮源水体中不同曝气条件对藻类生长的影响.试验使用铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)作为氮源,每种氮源水体分别设置不曝气、连续曝气、昼间曝气和夜间曝气4个处理.结果显示:试验初期以NH₄⁺-N为主要氮源的水体中藻类生长明显好于以NO₃^--N为主要氮源的水体.试验后期则以NO₃^--N为主要氮源的藻类生长情况更好.连续曝气对于2种氮源水体中藻类生长有着不同的影响;昼间曝气对2种氮源的藻类生长影响不大;而夜间曝气对藻类生长有明显的抑制作用.NH₄⁺-N含量较高的水体中蓝藻容易成为优势种,而NO₃^--N含量高的水体中则以绿藻为主.不同曝气条件下藻类优势种没有明显差别.     

Oxidation of ofloxacin by Oxone/Co2+: identification of reaction products and pathways

Oxidative degradation of ofloxacin (OFX) by sulfate free radicals (SO₄ ^??) in the UV/Oxone/Co²⁺oxidation process was investigated for the first time, with a special focus upon identifying the transformation products as well as understanding the reaction pathways. Thirteen main compounds were identified after the initial transformation of OFX; the detailed structural information of which were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry and MS fragmentation analysis. The degradation pathways mainly encompassed ring openings at both the piperazinyl substituent and the quinolone moiety, indicating that the usage of SO₄ ^?? aided the oxidative degradation of OFX to undergo more facile routes compared to those in previous reports by using OH^?/h⁺ as the oxidant, where the initial transformation attacks were mainly confined to the piperazine moiety. Moreover, in this study, smart control over the pH conditions of the oxidation system via different modes of Oxone dosage resulted in the selective degradation of the functional sites of OFX molecule, where it was shown that the SO₄ ^??-driven destruction of the quinolone moiety of OFX molecule favored the neutral pH conditions. This would be beneficial for the reduction of bacterial resistance against quinolones in the aqueous environment.     

Full-scale blending treatment of fresh MSWI leachate with municipal wastewater in a wastewater treatment plant

Fresh leachate, generated in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants, contains various pollutants with extremely high strength organics, which usually requires expensive and complex treatment processes. This study investigated the feasibility of blending treatment of MSWI leachate with municipal wastewater. Fresh MSWI leachate was pretreated by coagulation–flocculation with FeCl₃ 2 g/L and CaO 25 g/L, plate-and-frame filter press, followed by ammonia stripping at pH above 12. After that, blending treatment was carried out in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for approximately 3 months. Different operational modes consisting of different pretreated leachate and methanol addition levels were tested, and their performances were evaluated. Results showed that throughout the experimental period, monitored parameters in the WWTP effluent, including COD (<60 mg/L), BOD₅ (<20 mg/L), ammonium (<8 mg/L), phosphorus (<1.5 mg/L) and heavy metals, generally complied with the Chinese sewage discharged standard. Under the experimental conditions, a certain amount of methanol was needed to fulfill TN removal. An estimation of the operation cost revealed that the expenditure of blending treatment was much lower than the total costs of respective treatment of MSWI leachate and municipal wastewater. The outcomes indicated that blending treatment could not only improve the treatability of the MSWI leachate, but also reduce the treatment cost of the two different wastewaters.     

碳纳米管电极原位产生过氧化氢及其对亚甲基蓝脱色效果简

将碳纳米管固定化制成多孔疏水性导电薄膜构建电化学阴极还原体系，实现过氧化氢在阴极的原位产生。电极特性研究表明，电极在较宽的电压范围内均具有较好的活性。考察了阴极电位、电极成分、氧气流量和电解质浓度对过氧化氢原位产生的影响，在优化条件下经过120 min后过氧化氢达到66.17 mg/L，并探讨过氧化氢原位产生的机理。在此基础上考察原位过氧化氢氧化工艺下对亚甲基蓝的脱色效果，并分析其脱色机理。     

Dechlorination and conversion mechanism of trichlorobenzene as a model compound of chlorine-containing wastes by different base-catalyzed combinations

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Chlorine-containing organic waste (COWs) is a big threat for the waste incineration because of the dioxin generation and equipment corrosion....